Geoid undulation N is defined as the height of the geoid above the ellipsoid.

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Multiple Choice

Geoid undulation N is defined as the height of the geoid above the ellipsoid.

Explanation:
Geoid undulation N is the measure of how far the geoid sits relative to the reference ellipsoid. It is defined as the height of the geoid above the ellipsoid at a given location. Positive N means the geoid is above the ellipsoid; negative N means it is below. This quantity is what you add to an orthometric height to get the ellipsoidal height, since h = H + N (and conversely H = h − N). Because of this direct interpretation, stating that N is the height of the geoid above the ellipsoid is correct.

Geoid undulation N is the measure of how far the geoid sits relative to the reference ellipsoid. It is defined as the height of the geoid above the ellipsoid at a given location. Positive N means the geoid is above the ellipsoid; negative N means it is below. This quantity is what you add to an orthometric height to get the ellipsoidal height, since h = H + N (and conversely H = h − N). Because of this direct interpretation, stating that N is the height of the geoid above the ellipsoid is correct.

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